Contract law as practiced in Europe Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Agreement law as rehearsed in Europe - Case Study Example The point of this letter is to analyze whether your better half gets an opportunity of getting a good settlement in court in the event that she chooses to make legitimate move against you all things considered. The issue here is whether Penny's case will succeed whenever brought to court. As such, will the case discover you, Max Power, obligated of paying Penny the cash that you owe her for help for as long as a half year This is given the way that you two are still lawfully wedded under the Irish Family Law Act 1995 and you having vowed to help your better half who can't work on account of the work place mishap that she had five years back. These are the issues I, as your legitimate counsel, will be attempting to reply in this letter. With regards to whether Penny's case will succeed on the off chance that it precedes any Irish family court, I firmly accept that your better half has a higher potential for success of persuading the appointed authority to compel you to clear the exceptional parity and to keep paying her the month to month stipends. This is on the off chance that she blames you on different grounds separated from the current grounds of apparently breaking an agreement. Be that as it may, since she has picked to sue you for breaking an agreement, I accept that her case doesn't have a potential for success in an official courtroom in England. This is on the grounds that there is no authoritative archive that exists demonstrating that you two entered in any type of agreement. ... 3 In June 2008, you left for Dubai and left your significant other alone at home 4 You verbally consented to pay Penny bolster recompenses of $1500 verbally and you did as such for a half year 5 In January 2009, you met Stacey Floodgates and before long took her in as your accomplice 6 Since January 2009, you defaulted on paying Penny her month to month stipends 7 Five years back, Penny had a mishap which left her unfit to work, thus she had been depending on her significant other's help installments for upkeep 8 The motivation behind why Penny is suing you is on the grounds that she accepts that the agreement among you, however verbal, was official Rule Statement and Rule Synthesis For an agreement to be authoritative under the European set of accepted rules, there are a few necessities that it needs to meet. These are for the most part alluded to as the three c's (Gordley, 2008). The first is the reason, whereby an explanation ought to have risen that required for the drafting of the agreement (Gordley, 2008). The second is thought. This is whereby the two gatherings more likely than not recognized the type of agreement that is ideal to go into to given their conditions. The third and most significant part of an agreement for our situation here is the assent (Gordley, 2008). This means the gatherings experienced the agreement and consented to keep the terms accommodated there. This assent is shown in type of a mark that is attached by the two gatherings in the agreement. Without a mark, take off alone without the composed archive, the agreement is invalid and void, and no one can be blamed for breaking it. The main special case whereby a real signature isn't required on the record is the point at which the agreement is done on the web (Orlando, 2009). Yet, even these type of agreements, under the Irish law that oversees electronic agreements,

Greece Crisis Essay Example for Free

Greece Crisis Essay Long periods of unreasonable spending, modest loaning and inability to actualize money related changes left Greece severely uncovered when the worldwide monetary downturn struck. This whisked away a drape of mostly fiddled measurements to uncover obligation levels and shortages that surpassed limits set by the eurozone.Greece was maintaining an unsustainable lifestyle even before it joined the euro. After it received the single cash, open spending took off. Open part compensation, for instance, rose half somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2007 far quicker than in most other eurozone nations. The legislature likewise added to huge obligations paying for the 2004 Athens Olympics. And keeping in mind that cash streamed out of the legislatures coffers, its salary was hit by far reaching tax avoidance. Thus, following quite a while of overspending, its spending shortfall the contrast among spending and pay spiraled crazy. Also, a significant part of the getting was disguised, as progressive Greek governments tried to meet the 3%-of-GDP top on acquiring that is expected of individuals from the euro. At the point when the worldwide money related downturn hit and Greeces shrouded borrowings became known the nation was badly arranged to adapt. Obligation levels arrived at where the nation was not, at this point ready to reimburse its credits, and had to request help from its European accomplices and the IMF as gigantic advances. For the time being, be that as it may, the conditions joined to these credits have aggravated Greeces hardships. How large are these obligations? National obligation, put at â‚ ¬300 billion ($413.6 billion), is greater than the countrys economy, with certain appraisals anticipating it will arrive at 120 percent of GDP in 2010. The countrys deficiency the amount more it spends than it takes in is 12.7 percent. So what happens now? Greeces FICO assessment the appraisal of its capacity to reimburse its obligations has been downsized to the most minimal in the eurozone, which means it will probably be seen as a budgetary dark gap by remote speculators. This leaves the nation battling to take care of its tabs as loan costs on existing obligations rise. The Greek legislature of Prime Minister George Papandreou, which acquired a great part of the monetary weight when it took office before the end of last year, has just rejected the majority of its pre-political race guarantees and should execute unforgiving and disliked spending cuts. Will this hurt the remainder of Europe? Greece is now in significant penetrate of eurozone governs on shortage the board and with the budgetary markets wagering the nation will default on its obligations, this thinks about seriously the validity of the euro. There are likewise fears that monetary questions will taint different countries at the low finish of Europes financial scale, with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland going under investigation. On the off chance that Europe needs to turn to save bundles including bodies, for example, the International Monetary Fund, this would additionally harm the euros notoriety and could prompt a significant fall against other key monetary standards. On the off chance that Greece doesn't reimburse its loan bosses, a perilous point of reference will have been set. This may make speculators progressively apprehensive about the probability of other exceptionally obligated countries, for example, Italy, or those with feeble economies, for example, Spain, reimbursing their obligations o r in any event, remaining inside the euro. On the off chance that financial specialists quit purchasing bonds gave by different governments, at that point those administrations thusly won't have the option to reimburse their leasers a possibly heartbreaking endless loop. To battle this hazard, European pioneers have concurred a 700bn-euro firewall to shield the remainder of the eurozone from an out and out Greek default. In addition, if banks in the more vulnerable eurozone nations that are as of now battling to discover enough capital are compelled to discount much more advances they have made something that turns out to be almost certain if the eurozone economy falls further into downturn they will get more fragile despite everything, subverting trust in the whole financial framework. Eurozone banks may then think that its even difficult to get, and along these lines to loan, possibly starting a subsequent credit crunch, where bank loaning viably evaporates, harming the economy further. This issue would be exacerbated by savers and financial specialists removing cash from banks in defenseless economies, for example, Greece, Portugal and Spain, and moving it to banks in more secure economies, for example, Germany or the Netherlands. These potential situations would be aggravated limitlessly if Greece somehow managed to leave the euro. The nation would in all likelihood reintroduce the drachma, which would degrade drastically and rapidly, making it much harder for Greece to reimburse its obligations, and setting a far more atrocious point of reference. So what's happening with Greece? As of now referenced, the legislature has begun cutting ceaselessly at spending and has executed starkness measures planned for lessening the shortage by more than â‚ ¬10 billion ($13.7 billion). It has climbed burdens on fuel, tobacco and liquor, raised the retirement age by two years, forced open area pay cuts and applied extreme new tax avoidance guidelines. Are individuals content with this? Typically, an incredible inverse and there have been admonitions of obstruction from different areas of society. Laborers across the nation have organized strikes shutting air terminals, government workplaces, courts and schools. This modern activity is relied upon to proceed. How are Greeces European neighbors making a difference? Driven by Germanys Chancellor Angela Merkel, every one of the 16 nations which make up the euro zone have concurred a salvage plan for their sickly neighbor. The bundle, which would just be offered if all else fails, will include co-ordinated respective advances from nations inside the regular money territory, just as assets and specialized help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As per a joint explanation on the EU Web website, a larger part of the euro zone States would contribute a sum dependent on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and populace, if Greece required help in the wake of neglecting to get to assets in the money related markets. This implies Germany will be the principle benefactor, trailed by France. In spite of the fact that the declaration didn't make reference to a particular figure, a senior European authority cited by Reuters said that the potential bundle might be worth around 20 billion euro (US$26.8 billion). Anyway any European-upheld credit bundle requires the consistent endorsement of European Union individuals, which means any euro zone nation would have successful veto power. Before the finish of 2009, because of a mix of universal and neighborhood factors the Greek economy confronted its most-serious emergency since the rebuilding of majority rules system in 1974 as the Greek government overhauled its shortage from an expectation of 3.7% in mid 2009 and 6% in September 2009, to 12.7% of total national output (GDP). In mid 2010, it was uncovered that through the help of Goldman Sachs,JP Morgan Chase and various different banks, budgetary items were created which empowered the administrations of Greece, Italy and potentially different nations to shroud their acquiring. This had empowered Greek governments to spend too far in the red, while meeting the shortfall focuses of the European Union and the money related association rules. In May 2010, the Greek government shortage was again reconsidered and evaluated to be 13.6% for the year, which was one of the most noteworthy on the planet comparative with GDP. All out open obligation was conjecture, as per a few appraisals, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010, As an outcome, there was an emergency in worldwide trust in Greeces capacity to reimburse its sovereign obligation. So as to deflect such a default, in May 2010 the other Eurozone nations, and the IMF, consented to a salvage bundle which included giving Greece a prompt â‚ ¬45 billion in rescue credits, with more assets to follow, totaling â‚ ¬110 billion. So as to make sure about the financing, Greece was required to embrace cruel severity measures to manage its shortage. Their usage will be observed and assessed by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF. On 15 November 2010 the EUs measurements body Eurostat overhauled the open money and obligation figure for Greece following an exorbitant shortfall strategy methodological crucial Athens, and put Greeces 2009 government deficiency at 15.4% of GDP and open obligation at 126.8% of GDP making it the greatest sh ortage (as a level of GDP) among the EU part countries (albeit some have estimated that Irelands in 2010 may end up being more awful). The monetary emergency †especially the gravity bundle set forth by the EU and the IMF †has been met with outrage by the Greek open, prompting uproars and social turmoil. Regardless of the long scope of somberness quantifies, the administration shortage has not been diminished in like manner, primarily, as per numerous market analysts, because of the resulting downturn. Thusly, the countrys obligation to GDP keeps on rising quickly. The Greek open part keeps on being enlarged, yet the legislature has been hesitant to make government workers redundancies. Outsiders are at times treated as substitutes for monetary issues by a long shot right fanatics. For what reason should Greece Default. Disease. Joblessness. Hair styles. Apparently unlimited highest points of the Troika. The news coming out of Europe keeps on being grim and at the focal point of the tempest is Greece, an Eurozone part suffocating in its sovereign obligation. In the shadow of the worldwide budgetary emergency of 2008, the ghost of an untidy Greek default has frightened financial specialists and policymakers the same. Greece, a nation that contributes under 3% of Eurozone GDP, is holding the universal economy prisoner. The vulnerability emerging from insufficient salvage bundles, delayed dealings, and poor usage of somberness measures is easing back remote interest in the EU and expanding unpredictability on the trades. Conclusive activity is urgently required, however when will it come? It is in both Greece and the Eurozone’s wellbeing for the inescapable to occur, presently, before more salvage bundles attach Greece to unachievable objectives in the short

The State of Discord

The discussion between Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan can illuminate different parts of globalization, particularly its consequences for people and social orders. Specifically, one should concentrate on the job of various states and governments or the elements that expansion the combination of various markets, advancements, and finance.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The State of Discord explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the creators focus on such an issue as close to home rights and opportunities in the globalized world. These are the principle addresses that ought to be talked about more intently. All in all, this discussion is both fascinating and intriguing in light of the fact that it can empower perusers to see how various networks can develop in nature when individuals from nations can without much of a stretch associate with each other. Absolutely, one can't tell that the contentions of Thomas Friedman and Robert Kapla n are constantly validated with exact information. This is one of the restrictions that ought to be considered. Be that as it may, this inadequacy doesn't sabotage the estimation of this conversation since Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan represent various pathways of globalization. Above all else, Thomas Friedman is very right in bringing up that the procedure of globalization is driven by the advancement of innovations, instead of political changes inside different networks. For example, data and correspondence innovations make the world progressively interconnected. They make numerous open doors for business visionaries. Along these lines, one ought not assume that the endeavors of various states can stop the procedure of the combination of business sectors. Such endeavors are not prone to be compelling in light of the fact that cutting edge individuals can speak with each other through an incredible number of channels. This is one of the fundamental contentions that can be adva nced. It appears that this remark is significant for understanding the reasons why monetary and social relations between different nations heighten. All things considered, one ought not disregard accessibility of characteristic assets, since this factor influences the examples of movement. The accessibility of characteristic assets is indispensable for clarifying the sources of contentions between states. It is conceivable to contend that the researchers underline the complexities of globalization. This is one of the subtleties that can be significant for understanding the adjustments in the universal relations. One of the focal inquiries analyzed by Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan is the job of governments on the planet where the outskirts become increasingly obscured. From one viewpoint, the procedure of globalization is conceivable when the administration diminishes its obstruction into the lives of residents. Besides, this establishment doesn't erect any boundaries for busines ses.Advertising Looking for paper on global relations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, one can say that the job of the state can debilitate However, the creators likewise note that under such conditions, nations are presented to an extraordinary number of monetary or environmental dangers. In this manner, the aptitudes of approach creators and administrators can significantly shape the drawn out advancement of a nation. They should ensure that a nation can get profits by new exchange understandings or mechanical advancements. Along these lines, one ought not ignore the job of legislative establishments. This conversation is significant for indicating that it is hard to foresee the job of the state in the globalized universe of things to come. This is one of the principle gives that can be singled out. In my view, this inquiry is pertinent to current political pioneers who need to defend their nations against different d angers. Aside from that, it is basic to concentrate on the effects of globalization on the characters of people. The two creators contend that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to dismiss a person’s connection toward a specific district, nation, or city. This circumstance can be seen in different pieces of the European Union. For example, one can make reference to the improvement of the patriot development in the cutting edge Catalonia. In addition, one ought not assume that individuals lose their connection to the traditions, qualities, or conventions which are natural to them since adolescence. As I would see it, the researchers disclose people’s protection from complete annihilation of outskirts and the mastery of just one culture. As it were, the researchers show the reconciliation of societies and provincial personalities of individuals can exist together. Moreover, analysts recognize some significant dangers related with globalization. For example, Robert Kaplan takes note of that the monetary advancement inside a nation brings about political precariousness. Much of the time, one can talk about the difference in political system and open brutality that are typically gone before by change of the general public. This is one of the most significant cases that Robert Kaplan makes. Specifically, one should concentrate on nations as Egypt or Libya. However, the improvement of a state is subject to the political culture of a nation and its authentic inheritance. These inquiries are of extraordinary enthusiasm to Robert Kaplan and Thomas Friedman. In general, one can say that this issue ought to be considered by the perusers, particularly on the off chance that they check out political theory or geopolitics. As a matter of fact, one can't state that the globalization is process that can be handily dissected or anticipated with the assistance of existing techniques. Be that as it may, it is conceivable to single out certain examples o f its advancement in the future.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The State of Discord explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another significant inquiry that ought to be examined is the insurance of city and human rights. The researchers concur the procedure of globalization builds the pretended by working classes. This layer of the populace can confine the authority of the state and its capacity to encroach upon the privileges of residents. Robert Kaplan and Thomas Friedman can show how networks may develop later on. Surely, this discussion doesn't contain the reference to any observational information or models which can clarify how social orders can change in accordance with the procedure of globalization. Thusly, one ought not assume that the forecasts made by these researchers will essentially work out as expected. In any case, these creators analyze theoretical situations that can in the end unfurl in different states that can be both pro gressed and creating economies. This is the reason their conversation ought not be neglected by perusers. Moreover, this discussion can be utilized by approach creators who need to diminish the dangers of globalization. All in all, Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan can give perusers a superior thought regarding various ramifications of globalization. The researchers don't discuss one specific point or proposition explanation. Rather, they endeavor to increase a superior comprehension of this monetary, political, and social procedure which influences numerous individuals and associations. It appears that this methodology is gainful. The perusing can show how different social orders can impacted by the combination of different markets and the obscuring of national outskirts. The discussion between Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan can be utilized as a beginning stage for the investigation of globalization. These are the fundamental issues that can be singled out. This exposition on The State of Discord was composed and presented by client Elvis Hayes to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Validation of Bioanalytical Methods - 550 Words

Validation of Bioanalytical Methods (Essay Sample) Content: Validation of Bioanalytical Methods: A Review Name: Date: Course: Lecturer: University: Introduction Reliability of data generated by bioanalytical methods is paramount. This explains the emphasis put by Karnes, Shiu and Shas in the practice of validating the various bioanalytical methods used in drug discovery and development (1). This papers seeks to review Karnes et al.’s article while critically comparing and contrasting it to other recent publications on the same among which include the specifications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on the validation of bioanalytical methods. Intrinsic value, limitation and validity and uniqueness The topic of the article appropriately addresses the content of their paper. The topic is able to give the reader a clear idea of what to expect from the paper and indeed this is what the paper presents. The article is a review paper in which various techniques employed in the validation of bioanalytical m ethods are critically analyzed. However, the authors argue that the intrinsic value of a technique plays a central role in the process of reviewing standardization techniques, particularly in relation to specificity/selectivity (1). Selectivity revolves around the ability of a method to respond to several chemical entities whether distinguished or not. Specific involves response for just a single analyte. On the other hand, the idea of limitation and validity plays a key role in the process of reviewing the various models employed in analytical calibration curves. The uniqueness of most bioanalytical methods sometimes calls for specific validation criteria (2). However it is evident in Karnes et al.’s review that the literature that had been published by then was not comprehensive enough for purposes of sufficiently developing quality control procedures for use in biopharmaceutical analysis related to drug studies (1). Minimum standards for bioanalytical methods and limitati ons in determining the effectiveness of a method Although the article seeks to review the various validation techniques, the authors are quick to note that there were limitations in terms of determining the effectiveness of a given method to address the needs of a particular validation project. This is partly caused by the dynamic nature of pharmaceutical science where rules and applications change rapidly. Tiwari and Tiwari add that most bioanalytical methods and techniques are at the cutting edge of technology and hence there is an increasing need for effective validation since (3). Additionally, it is rather difficult to set minimum standards for the various bioanalytical techniques as this would encourage interested parties to only apply the minimum (1, 4, and 3). In as much as there are validation techniques, bioanalytical methods ought to satisfy certain minimum specifications during development (1, 3, and 4). Tiwari and Tiwari also support the idea of minimum standards for development of bioanalytical methods and validation by noting its importance in market approval of bioanalytical methods. Selectivity/ specificity Karnes et al.’s article has since 1991 been an important basis for review of validation techniques for bioanalytical methods (3, 4). The article indicates that the concept of selectivity/specificity is very crucial given that only a few techniques have the ability to respond to only one analyte. Karnes et al. adds that interferences are more problematic especially in cases when handling biopharmaceutical analysis (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration points out that there should be evidence showing that the analyte quantified is indeed what was intended (5). Peters and Maurer and Tiwari and Tiwari add that selectivity accounts for the potential presence of metabolites, making the technique very useful for bioanalytical method validation (4, 5). Calibration model Karnes et al. offer a very detailed review of the minimum expe ctations of the calibration model. They give sufficient specifications on what bioanalytical methods should be able to address (1). However, the concept of linearity comes up and is a critical consideration for the validation process (3). Linearity encompasses assessing the capacity of a technique to give test results that relate directly with concentration of the sample’s analyte. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration supports Karnes et al.’s specifications on the validation of calibration model (5). Peters and Maurer gives details on the analysis of spiked calibration samples and how the resulting responses can be analyzed further graphically, using mathematical models or including statistical analysis of the response functions. Calibration models’ choice affects the reliability of quantification (4). Other validation aspects In addition to selectivity and calibration model, all the other publications cited above review stability, reproducibility, accuracy, precision, recovery, bias and ruggedness just like Karnes et al.’s article yet it was published nearly 20 years before (2), (3), (5) and (4). Recovery revolves around an analyte’s detector response while in precision, interest is focused on the closeness of individual measures. According to the various authors, accuracy aims at measuring the closeness of mean test results as produced by a method to the actual value while in reproducibility, assessment of replicate measu...

WSU Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Washington State University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 77%. Located in Pullman, Washington, the university offers over 200 areas of study, with 96 majors for undergraduates.  Academics at WSU are supported by a 15-to-1  student / faculty ratio, and nearly 80 percent of classes have fewer than 50 students. The university has extensive study abroad offerings through more than 560 programs in 48 countries. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, WSU earned a chapter of the prestigious ​Phi Beta Kappa  honor society. WSU also offers 12 undergraduate and nine graduate degree programs online. In athletics, the Washington State University Cougars compete in the Division I  Pacific 12 Conference. The university fields six mens and nine womens intercollegiate sports, and WSU has one of the largest athletic centers in the country. Considering applying to Washington State University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Washington State University had an acceptance rate of 77%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 77 students were admitted, making WSUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 22,773 Percent Admitted 77% Percent Admitted Who Applied (Yield) 29% SAT Scores and Requirements WSU requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 85% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 510 610 Math 510 600 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of WSUs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to WSU scored between 510 and 610, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 610. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 510 and 600, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 600. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1210 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at WSU. Requirements WSU does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Washington State University participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Washington State University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 26% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 19 25 Math 18 26 Composite 20 26 This admissions data tells us that most of WSUs admitted students fall within the top 49% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to WSU received a composite ACT score between 20 and 26, while 25% scored above 26 and 25% scored below 20. Requirements Washington State University does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, WSU superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of WSUs incoming freshmen class was 3.39, and over 60% of the class had an average GPA of 3.25 or above. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Washington State University have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Washington State University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Washington State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Washington State University, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Admissions decisions place most weight to GPA, grade trends, and rigor of high school coursework, followed by SAT/ACT scores. Applicants who rank in the top 10% of their high school class and those with an average unweighted GPA of 3.5 or above on a 4.0 scale can be admitted to WSU under the Assured Admission program. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. As you can see, the majority of admitted students had a GPA of 3.0 or higher, an SAT score (ERWM) above 950, and an ACT composite score of 18 or higher. Slightly higher grades and test scores increase your chances of being accepted measurably. If You Like Washington State University, You May Also Like These Schools University of OregonBoise State UniversityUniversity of WashingtonArizona State UniversityStanford UniversitySan Jose State University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Washington State University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Solar Energy Paper The Sun - 987 Words

Solar Energy Paper Every single person who lives on Earth has once seen that big ball of fire in the sky we call the sun. However, what does this bright light do other than blind our eyes and make us wear sunglasses? The sun is a large star that is located in the center of our solar system that is responsible for many things such as Earth’s gravity, temperature, and climate. This celestial star also provides a bright, shining light throughout the entire solar system we use to see, even at night when the moon reflects the light from the sun off of its surface. The sun is able to produce such as vast amount of luminous energy because of its extreme temperatures. Near the center of the sun the temperatures can reach as high as 15 million degrees Celsius while the sun’s surface still reaches a staggering temperature of 5600 degrees Celsius. (Sharp) Now obviously the Earth is not this hot because of how far the distance is between our planet and the sun, but it can still get extremely hot during the summer months. This just shows how powerful the sun is and how much it controls in our solar system. Even though the sun can get really annoying with its heatwaves and sun burns, we really do not appreciate how much that flaming ball does for the Earth we live on. For example, without the sun’s heat it provides, every body of water above ground and below would be completely frozen. Everything living on Earth from the small bacteria that inhabit mold to the animals that thrive in theShow MoreRelatedAutomatic Solar Tracker Using Microcontroller Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesAUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER USING MICROCONTROLLER Anil Mor B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering IIT Roorkee-247667 anil.iitr12@gmail.com Ashok Kumar Meena B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering IIT Roorkee-247667 ashok.3.oct@gmail.com Abstract—In today’s fast growing world with lots of technological developments we are suffering from many problems among which energy crisis is the most significant one. With the limited amount of conventional sources of energy like coal,Read MoreDesign Fabrication Of Helical Coiled Solar1006 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract - This paper is concerned with Design Fabrication of Helical Coiled Solar Water Heater with auto tracking device under the local climatic condition. Solar Parabolic Dish is currently used for the Water heating and cooking applications. 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Division 8 Of The ITAA 1997 Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Division 8 Of The ITAA 1997. Answer: In conformity with the Division 8 of the ITAA 1997 a guiding principles has been laid down that has associations with deductions of outlay and losses (Coleman, Sadik, 2013). The division is helpful in assisting the difference between the normal deductions with reference to discussion that is made in Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The division further lay down the guidance with reference to the specific deductions that is made under Section 8-5 of the ITAA 1997 and a claim can be bought forward that deductions associated to the loss or outlay that has occurred concerning the; Generating any form of assessable income Outlay or expenses having associations with the business operations of the taxpayers To claim a particular type of deductions produced from the taxable income a taxpayer is offered with the opportunity of claiming such outlay with regard to Section 8-5 of the ITAA 1997 (Grange et al., 2014). From the current matter of Ram it has been found that the he had incurred expenses in the form of tax agent fees and solicitor fees that possess the feature of allowable deductions. In conformity with the Section 25-5 of the ITAA 1997 cost incurred at the time of management of tax affairs will be accounted as the deductions that are allowable. Hence, a taxpayer while filing for the tax return can bring forward the claim of gaining assessable deductions relating to the cost that has occurred at the time of accounting and fees from the tax agent (James, 2015). It is observed from the situation of Ram that he has incurred an expense on the solicitor fees for bringing forward the opposition against the assessment. With reference to the evidence that has been laid down under Para 11 of the Taxation Ruling 2011/5 a person can object on the cause of not being satisfied with the assessment of tax stated in Section 175A (1) of the ITAA 1936. As laid down under the Interpretive Decision 2002/814, it states the issues that is connected with the subject of allowable deductions for the expenses that originates from the disagreement of the legal oraccounting fees associated with tax authorities (Jover, 2014). With reference to the current case study of Ram, he can claim the permissible deductions of legal expense on solicitor fees andaccounting fees in respect to Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. In conformity with Section 955-1 of the ITAA 1997 the definition of the term resident has been defined that explains a person to be regarded as inhabitant of Australia for the purpose of taxation (Kenny, 2013). In agreement with the Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997 the description of resident and the primary test involved in ascertaining the residency of the individual has been defined. Para 32 of the Taxation Ruling 98/17 defines that a individual will be regarded as the habitant of Australia which is in agreement with the Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997. In order to ascertain the residential status of the individual, a residency test is performed with reference to Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997. The test is stated below; Residential status with respect to the ordinary concept Domicile Test 183 days test; and Superannuation test In the present context Tina is considered to be an overseas student that has come to Brisbane for the educational purpose and will be treated as the inhabitant of Australia with respect to the ordinary concept (Krever, 2013). An individual or a person is not regarded as the inhabitant of Australia with respect to the ordinary concept then the statutory test is applied in knowing the occupancy status. Therefore, on satisfying the conditions of the primary test an individual shall be considered as the occupant of Australia. As defined under the Domicile Act 1982 an individual having a permanent place of abode in Australia will be treated as the Australia resident for the purpose of tax (Morgan et al., 2013). Apart from this, the rule of 183 days test, defines that a person shall be treated as the Australian resident if the person has been present in Australia either on regular basis or in breaks. The superannuation test is simultaneously put into effect in order to know that an individual is an employee of the government of Australia working in an international; project. The law furthermore provides that an individual taxpayer would be treated as the inhabitant of Australia if an individual is enrolled in Australia university for educational course having a duration of no less than six months (Sadiq et al., 2014). As evident from the existing scenario of Tina, it is observed that she enrolled arrived in Brisbane for educational purpose with her period of stay was for more than 183 days. It can be concluded that Tina will be treated as the resident of Australia under section 995-1 of the ITAA 1997. Any individual being an occupant of Australia shall be taken into the considerations for the purpose of taxation in agreement with the Section 4-15 of the ITAA 1997 (Milton et al., 2013). From the given section there has been evidence that for an individual assessable income is derived by deducting the expenses that has been incurred and are allowed in the form of permissible deductions from the assessable income. From the given circumstances it is observed that assessable income has been defined under the section 6-5 of the ITAA as the ordinary income. As defined under section 6-10 of the ITAA 1997 incomes that does not falls under the theory of the ordinary concept are then regarded as the statutory income. It can be determined that Jimmy in the current situation has produced income from his employment from the restaurant and will be accounted as the ordinary income (Woellner, 2013). Therefore, it can be ascertained that such income produced by Jimmy will be liable for tax in confo rmity with the Section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. It is also found that tips has been received by Jimmy that is given to him by customers visiting the restaurant and it is taken into the account as incentive because it has direct relation with the employment income. This will be considered in the assessable income for assessment purpose. In addition to this, Jimmy additionally received a gift of $250 is treated as the income that will be considered for assessment and will be included in his tax return (Woellner et al., 2014). It is must be understood that there certain income which is obligatory for the taxpayer to include in the assessable income since they form the part of the exempted income and are not included in the taxable income of the taxpayer under Section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997. For an individual taxpayer gift are not included in the taxable income but however receiving such kind of gift as the part of the business activity or it is derived from the revenue producing activity then will be included in the taxable income. In addition to this, gifts that are given by parents are not included in the taxable income in view of the fact that they are not connected with the income producing activity (Pinto, 2011). In conformity with the Taxation ruling TR 97/17 food and drink that is provided to the employee from the employer is treated as the meal entertainment will be included in the fringe benefit tax. From the above stated discussion it can be defined that the benefit that is offered to Jimmy from his company is accounted as the fringe benefit. The employer will also be entitled to bring forward the claim of the permissible deductions for the expenditure that is incurred by the workers. It is noteworthy to denote that the Jimmy produced taxable income from his employment and the benefit provided for food and meal will be included in the fringe benefit provided to him under employment from his employment. It can be concluded that the fringe benefit of the dinner provide to him be included in the taxable income. Below stated is the computation of the taxable income. An individual taxpayer in accordance with the Taxation Ruling of the TR 93/30 can bring forward the claim of the allowable deductions arising out of the home office spending. The ruling specifically lay down the following principles; When the portion of the home taken by the individual into the considerations relating to the personal educational purpose On circumstances when the portion of the home is understood as the place of business Any occurrence of deductions arising out repairs can be claimable under section 20-10 As it is understood from the Taxation Ruling of the TR 93/30 expenditure that is associated with the taxpayer home are in conformity with the above defined ruling will be accounted as the domestic or private character and will not be eligible as deductions at the time of computing the taxable income. Nonetheless, there is some kind of exceptions to such kind of rule where a fraction of the home that is put into the use for the purpose of the producing income and having the aspects of the business (Braithwaite, 2017). Considering such circumstances the occurrence of outlay of using home as office and incurring expenditure on rent, interest and repairs will be considered partially for deductions. In context of the above stated discussion the viewpoint has been supported in the Swinford v FC of T (1984) given that the part of house possessing the aspects of business character will be considered for acceptable deductions (Miller Oats, 2016). With reference to the above defined scenario, an argument can be put forward by stating that the spending can be allowed as permissible deductions relating to the expenditure that is occurred from the home office purpose. References Braithwaite, V. (Ed.). (2017).Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Coleman, C., Sadiq, K.Principles of taxation law 2013. Grange, J., Jover-Ledesma, G., Maydew, G.2014 principles of business taxation. James, M.Taxation of small businesses 2014/15. Jover-Ledesma, G. (2014).Principles of business taxation 2015. [Place of publication not identified]: Cch Incorporated. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Pinto, D. (2011). State taxes. InAustralian Taxation Law(pp. 1763-1762). CCH Australia Limited. Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W., Ting, A.Principles of taxation law 2014. The taxpayers' guide 2013 2014. (2013). Milton, Qld. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D.Australian taxation law 2014.

Youth crime free essay sample

This essay will critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the theory that young people offend because of their upbringing. The term ‘upbringing’ means the care and teaching received by the child from the parent throughout their childhood. There has been extensive research and controversial debate into upbringing being the root cause of youth crime and this essay will examine evidence to support this claim and evidence to dispute it. Although it is quite subjective as to whether a bad childhood is the cause of youth crime, the fact remains that a quarter of all reported crime is committed by young offenders between the ages of ten to seventeen. Home Office statistics show more than a half of all recorded robberies (51%), a third of burglaries (32%) and a third of vehicle crimes (31%) were the result of young offenders. (Home Office, 2012) Shockingly England and Wales has more young people in custody than any other European country. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Content There are two patterns of youth offending behaviour, ‘adolescent-limited’ and ‘life course-persistent’. Adolescent-limited offending is often a result of young teenage people being influenced by their peers that they are mixing with. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable at this stage because the ability to moderate risk-taking and thrill-seeking does not fully develop until their late teens. Life course-persistent is when anti-social behaviour manifests itself earlier on and is linked to risk factors that can operate much earlier on in a child’s life, like poor parenting, abuse and neglect, and medical conditions like ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). What this information suggests is that relatively few young people who commit crime when they are in their teens go on to become prolific offenders for the rest of their life. (Moffitt, 1993) Criminal behaviour in adolescence is relatively common due to peer pressure and thrill seeking. Forty percent of offences are committed by people under sixteen about half of males and a third of females, report having committed at least one offence before the age of eighteen. (Newburn, 2002) However, offending declines rapidly after adolescence and many youth offenders do not remain offenders in adulthood. (Sutherland 1938) Strengths Many family factors have been shown to predict young offending, particularly relating to bad parenting such as harsh discipline, poor supervision and low parental involvement with the child. Evidence shows that a destructive upbringing can be damaging to the child resulting in impulsivity, attention problems, low school attainment and behavioural problems. (Farrington, 2007) A shocking statistic of twenty five percent of boys and forty percent of girls in custody say they have experienced violence at home. In July 2012 Jessica Jacobson and Amy Kirby from the Home Office published a report on the causes to youth crime. What was identified as the primary cause was poor parenting and lack of discipline from parents, schools and society; this meant that children were growing up with no respect for authority and no understanding that their actions have consequences. (Home Office, 2012) The most significant factor that influences character formation is the upbringing a child receives. Studies show that children brought up with good parents, grow up to be well rounded, responsible adults. Children surrounded by criminal family or friends during their developing years are more likely to become criminals because they build up anti-authority attitudes and the belief that offending is justified. (Farrington, 1994) Sutherland (1942) argues that criminal behaviour is socially learned behaviour. If a child is brought up within a criminal upbringing, they associate to crime and learn techniques to commit crime. Wells and Rankin’s (1991) found that delinquency was ten to fifteen percent higher among children from broken homes than those from intact homes, the range of offences were vast like underage drinking, truancy, running away from home, burglary, theft, robbery and assault. Rodgers and Pryor (1998) conducted the same experiment again seven years later and found the research findings had changed dramatically; children from broken homes were double the number at risk of delinquency than children from intact families. The theory that upbringing can cause offending is not a new phenomenon, Walter Miller in (1958) identified four reasons for over conformity to focal concerns that lead to delinquency. One reason was that boys that have fatherless or female dominated homes become delinquent because of insecurity due to unstable or broken homes and overcompensating for the lack of male role models by being masculine themselves, engaging in street fights and anti-social behaviour. Social control theory is another example of how upbringing can lead to young offending. Travis Hirschi believes that young people that commit crime and use drugs do so because they lack self-control. He suggests that lack of self-control is the result of poor parenting and families that are unable or unwilling to monitor their childrens behaviour. (Hirschi, 1969) Weaknesses Parents could be getting the blame for youth crime in a bid to avoid taking responsibility and escape punishment or sentencing. During the London riots in August 2011, David Cameron stated that parenting was to blame, but many young offenders stated that they knew what they were doing and hoped that their mothers did not find out. Research showed that rioters were going against their upbringings due to factors of boredom, opportunism and economic deprivation. In this case upbringing was not a factor it was that public services like youth clubs were cut in the area because of the austerity policy. The austerity policy is the Government cutting public services and benefits in a bid to pay back debts but this was causing crime. Poverty and social disadvantage are closely related to youth offending. It was no wonder trainer and mobile phone shops were being looted because people could afford luxury items due to deprivation, high youth unemployment, benefits cuts and child allowance being stopped. This all meant that families were struggling to survive in this double dip recession. The root cause of crime here was economic deprivation not upbringing. Another example of how upbringing is irrelevant is in Jack Katz (1988) ‘seduction of crime theory’ he argues that the real cause of juvenile delinquency is simply because they enjoy offending. He also thinks that a large portion of crime is committed because young people are addicted to it. Katzs (1988), states that at the moment of the crime, there is a transition that takes place from the choice to commit crimes rationally to a compulsion to do so. He describes how offenders are seduced by the compulsion to commit crime. Travis Hirschi (1969) social control theory states that there are several genes that are hypothesized to have an influence on the development of antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders. There has been slow progress in identifying these genes. Now, it seems that certain serotonin pathway genes may be associated with impulsiveness, antisocial, aggressiveness and violent behaviour that can lead to criminality. Conclusion It was extremely important in this essay to identify the two different types of young offending by criminologist Moffitt (1993). This is because it shows two different types of behaviour patterns and two different root causes. It confirms that some people offend because of their upbringing and others are motivated by other factors like peer pressure, economic deprivation, boredom. What this shows is that offenders are motivated by different factors. The case studies in this field carried out by criminologists like Farrington and others have only investigated the cause of youth crime from a boy’s perspective and found that upbringing is a risk factor for delinquency. With the release of youth crime figures from the Home Office (May 2012) that showed one hundred and sixty thousand crimes were committed by girls, research into the cause of female offending needs to be examined because the cause of female youth crime could be different to boys. In the 21st century society has a growing problem with girl gangs and female delinquency and the cause might not be upbringing but biology, genetics and hormones or another factor completely. Research shows that victims that suffer bad upbringings and endure physical, mental and sexual abuse can transition from victim to perpetrator. This is due to a number of factors like learnt behaviour and the perpetuating cycle of abuse. A bad childhood does not excuse serious crime but a report from the Youth Offending Team consisting of opinions from young offenders stated that unresolved problems or feelings from their childhood propelled them into offending. However some offenders use a bad childhood to blame parents, to avoid taking responsibility and a way of getting a more lenient sentence or punishment. (Ministry of Justice, 2012) Primary socialisation states that part of family life is to instil the values of right and wrong but there is not only one way to learn right from wrong. If a person receives bad instructions or advice from their parents or no advice at all, there is always secondary socialisation where they can learn a good moral compass from school, religion and society as a whole. Hirschi (1969) Stated if young people are attached to school and religion then that brings a greater level of social control. Residential instability which includes the disruption of family life and parental controls and the erosion of community solidarity for example neighbours twenty years ago were an extension of the family and maintaining social order. All this leads to social disorganisation which is the breakdown of social controls that allows crime and delinquency to flourish. On the 8th of January 2013 it was reported that a record number of parents were getting a criminal record as a punishment for letting their children play truant from school. Ten thousand parents a year are being found guilty of letting their sons or daughter miss school lessons. (Ministry of Justice)This is another example of how parents are being held responsible for young people offending. Parents will receive on the spot financial fines of sixty pounds; if they do not pay it is doubled to one hundred and twenty pounds. If parents go to court they could pay up to two and a half thousand pounds. References Youth crime free essay sample Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors? (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory? age of majority? ). [1] Most legal systems? prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers? , and courts?. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. In recent years in the US the average age for first arrest? has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing crimes. Between 60–80% percent of adolescents? , and pre-adolescents engage in some form of juvenile offense. [2] These can range from status offenses? (such as underage smoking), to property crimes? and violent crimes?. The percent of teens who offend is so high that it would seem to be a cause for worry. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. [2]This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, and only during adolescence. It is when adolescents offend repeatedly or violently that their offending is likely to continue beyond adolescence, and become increasingly violent. It is also likely that if this is the case, they began offending and displaying antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence. [3] Contents [hide? ] 1 Types? 1. 1 Sex differences? 1. 2 Racial differences? 2 Risk factors? 2. 1 Individual risk factors? 2. 2 Family environment and peer influence? 3 Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency? 3. 1 Rational choice? 3. 2 Social disorganization? 3. 3 Strain? 3. 4 Differential association? 3. 5 Labeling? 3. 6 Social control? 4 Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disorders? 5 Prevention? 6 Critique of risk factor research? 7 Juvenile sex crimes? 7. 1 Prevalence data? 7. 2 Official record data? 7. 3 Males who commit sexual crimes? 8 See also? 9 References? 10 Further reading? 11 External links? Types[edit? ] Juvenile delinquency, or offending, can be separated into three categories: delinquency, crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts? and justice system; criminal behavior, crimes? dealt with by the criminal justice system? ; status offenses? , offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy? , also dealt with by the juvenile courts. [4] According to the developmental research of Moffitt (2006),[2] there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. One is the repeat offender, referred to as the life-course-persistent offender, who begins offending or showing antisocial/aggressive behavior in adolescence (or even childhood? ) and continues into adulthood? ; and the age specific offender, referred to as the adolescence-limited offender, for whom juvenile offending or delinquency begins and ends during their period of adolescence. [3] Because most teenagers tend to show some form of antisocial, aggressive or delinquent behavior during adolescence, it is important to account for these behaviors in childhood in order to determine whether they will be life-course-persistent offenders or adolescence-limited offenders. [3] Although adolescence-limited offenders tend to drop all criminal activity once they enter adulthood and show less pathology than life-course-persistent offenders, they still show more mental health, substance abuse, and finance problems, both in adolescence and adulthood, than those who were never delinquent. [5] Sex differences[edit? ] Juvenile offending is disproportionately[6] committed by young men?. Feminist? theorists and others have examined why this is the case. [7] One suggestion is that ideas of masculinity? may make young men more likely to offend. Being tough, powerful? , aggressive? , daring and competitive? becomes a way for young men to assert and express their masculinity. [8] Acting out these ideals may make young men more likely to engage in antisocial? and criminal behavior. [9] Also, the way young men are treated by others, because of their masculinity, may reinforce aggressive traits and behaviors, and make them more susceptible to offending. [9] Alternatively, young men may actually be naturally more aggressive, daring and prone to risk-taking. According to a study led by Florida State University? criminologist Kevin M. Beaver, adolescent males who possess a certain type of variation in a specific gene? are more likely to flock to delinquent peers. The study, which appears in the September 2008 issue of the Journal of Genetic Psychology, is the first to establish a statistically significant association between an affinity for antisocial peer groups and a particular variation (called the 10-repeat allele) of the dopamine? transporter gene (DAT1). [10] In recent years however, there has also been a bridging of the gap between sex differences concerning juvenile delinquency. While it is still more common for males to offend than females, the ratio of arrests by sex is one third of what it was 20 years ago (at 2. 5 to 1 today). [11] This is most likely due to the combined effects of more females being arrested (for offenses which did not get them arrested before), and a drop in male offenses. [12] Racial differences[edit? ] This article reads like an editorial or opinion piece?. Please help improve this article? by rewriting it in anencyclopedic style? to make it neutral? in tone. See WP:No original research? and WP:NOTOPINION? for further details. There is also a significant skew in the racial statistics for juvenile offenders. When considering these statistics, which state that black and Hispanic teens are more likely to commit juvenile offenses it is important to keep the following in mind,from poverty to low parental monitoring, harsh parenting, and association with gangs, all of which are in turn associated with juvenile offending. The majority of adolescents who live in poverty are young black men, and for me its sad to even have to say that its not fair to anyone but why we have to put black men in this category. We as adults or our own community need to be more involved with our youths keep them off the streets offer more after school programs, the streets is were it all starts they see their fathers or older brothers making quick money so they want to follow but it only gets you in prison or dead. I see this first hand in my city. The most recent was an RTA driver got shot by some teenagers they quoted you have to kill a polar bear to be a full gang member, well the driver was a white man and he was shot three times and lived. hapter=Developmental criminology and risk-focused prevention |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Maguire |editor2-last=et al. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminology |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0199256098 }} Also, minorities who offend, even as adolescents, are more likely to be arrested and punished more harshly by the law if caught. [13] Particularly concerning a non-violent crime and when compared to white adolescents. While poor minorities are more likely to commit violent crimes, one third of affluent teens report committing violent crimes. [2] Ethnic minority status has been included as a risk factor of psychosocial maladaptation in several studies (e. g. , Gutman et al. 2003; Sameroff et al. 1993; Dallaire et al. 2008), and represents a relative social disadvantage placed on these individuals. Though the relation between delinquency and race is complex and may be explained by other contextual risk variables (see, for example, Holmes et al. 2009), the total arrest rate for black juveniles aged 10–17 is more than twice that as of white juveniles (National Center for Juvenile Justice 2008)(p. 1474). [14] This does not seem to be the case for the minority group of East Asian background. [citation needed] Risk factors[edit? ] The two largest predictors of juvenile delinquency are parenting style? , with the two styles most likely to predict delinquency being permissive parenting, characterized by a lack of consequence-based discipline and encompassing two subtypes known as neglectful parenting, characterized by a lack of monitoring and thus of knowledge of the childs activities, and indulgent parenting, characterized by affirmative enablement? of misbehavior authoritarian parenting, characterized by harsh discipline and refusal to justify discipline on any basis other than because I said so; peer group association? , particularly with antisocial peer groups, as is more likely when adolescents are left unsupervised. [2] Other factors that may lead a teenager into juvenile delinquency include poor or low socioeconomic status? , poor school readiness/performance and/or failure, peer rejection, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?. There may also be biological factors, such as high levels of serotonin? , giving them a difficult temper and poor self-regulation, and a lower resting heart rate, which may lead to fearlessness. Most of these tend to be influenced by a mix of both genetic and environmental factors. [2] Individual risk factors[edit? ] Individual psychological or behavioural? risk factors that may make offending more likely include low intelligence? , impulsiveness? or the inability to delaygratification? , aggression? , lack of empathy? , and restlessness?. [15] Other risk factors which may be evident during childhood and adolescence include, aggressive or troublesome behavior, language delays or impairments, lack of emotional control (learning to control ones anger), and cruelty to animals. [16] Children with low intelligence? are more likely to do badly in school?. This may increase the chances of offending because low educational attainment, a low attachment to school, and low educational aspirations are all risk factors for offending in themselves. [9][17][18] Children who perform poorly at school are also more likely to be truant? , and the status offense of truancy is linked to further offending. [15] Impulsiveness is seen by some as the key aspect of a childspersonality? that predicts offending. [15] However, it is not clear whether these aspects of personality are a result of â€Å"deficits in the executive functions of the brain? †[15] or a result of parental influences or other social factors. [19] In any event, studies of adolescent development show that teenagers are more prone to risk-taking? , which may explain the high disproportionate rate of offending among adolescents. [2] Family environment and peer influence[edit? ] Family factors which may have an influence on offending include: the level of parental supervision? , the way parents discipline? a child, particularly harshpunishment? , parental conflict or separation? , criminal parents or siblings, parental abuse or neglect? , and the quality of the parent-child relationship. [19] Some have suggested that having a lifelong partner leads to less offending. [citation needed] Children brought up by lone parents? are more likely to start offending than those who live with two natural parents. It is also more likely that children of single parents may live in poverty, which is strongly associated with juvenile delinquency. [2] However once the attachment a child feels towards their parent(s) and the level of parental supervision are taken into account, children in single parent families are no more likely to offend than others. [19] Conflict between a childs parents is also much more closely linked to offending than being raised by a lone parent. [9] If a child has low parental supervision they are much more likely to offend. [19] Many studies have found a strong correlation between a lack of supervision and offending, and it appears to be the most important family influence on offending. [15][19] When parents commonly do not know where their children are, what their activities are, or who their friends are, children are more likely to truant from school and have delinquent friends, each of which are linked to offending. [19]A lack of supervision is also connected to poor relationships between children and parents. Children who are often in conflict with their parents may be less willing to discuss their activities with them. [19] Adolescents with criminal siblings? are only more likely to be influenced by their siblings, and also become delinquent, if the sibling is older, of the same sex/gender, and warm. [16] Cases where a younger criminal sibling influences an older one are rare. An aggressive, non-loving/warm sibling is less likely to influence a younger sibling in the direction of delinquency, if anything, the more strained the relationship between the siblings, the less they will want to be like, and/or influence each other. [16] Peer rejection? in childhood is also a large predictor of juvenile delinquency. Although children are rejected by peers for many reasons, it is often the case that they are rejected due to violent or aggressive behavior. This rejections affects the childs ability to be socialized? properly, which can reduce their aggressive tendencies, and often leads them to gravitate towards anti-social peer groups. [16] This association often leads to the promotion of violent, aggressive and deviant behavior. The impact of deviant peer group influences on the crystallization of an antisocial developmental trajectory has been solidly documented. [16] Aggressive adolescents who have been rejected by peers are also more likely to have a hostile attribution bias which leads people to interpret the actions of others (whether they be hostile or not) as purposefully hostile and aggressive towards them. This often leads to an impulsive and aggressive reaction. [20] Hostile attribution bias however, can appear at any age during development and often lasts throughout a persons life. Children resulting from unintended pregnancies? are more likely to exhibit delinquent behavior. [21] They also have lower mother-child relationship quality. [22] Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency[edit? ] There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime? , most if not all of are applicable to the causes of juvenile delinquency. Rational choice[edit? ] Classical criminology stresses that causes of crime lie within the individual? offender, rather than in their external environment. For classicists, offenders are motivated by rational? self-interest? , and the importance of free will? and personal responsibility? is emphasized. [7] Rational choice theory? is the clearest example of this idea. Delinquency is one of the major factors motivated by rational choice. Social disorganization[edit? ] Current positivist approaches? generally focus on the culture?. A type of criminological theory attributing variation in crime and delinquency over time and among territories to the absence or breakdown of communal institutions (e. g. family, school, church and social groups. ) and communal relationships that traditionally encouraged cooperative relationships among people. Strain[edit? ] Strain theory? is associated mainly with the work of Robert Merton?. He felt that there are institutionalized? paths to success in society?. Strain theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty those in poverty? have in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. [7] As those with, for instance, poor educational attainment have difficulty achieving wealth and status by securing well paid employment, they are more likely to use criminal means to obtain these goals. [23] Mertons suggests five adaptations to this dilemma: 1 Innovation: individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means. 2 Retreatism: those who reject socially approved goals and the means for acquiring them. 3 Ritualism: those who buy into a system of socially approved means, but lose sight of the goals. Merton believed that drug users are in this category. 4 Conformity: those who conform to the systems means and goals. 5 Rebellion: people who negate socially approved goals and means by creating a new system of acceptable goals and means. A difficulty with strain theory is that it does not explore why children of low-income families would have poor educational attainment in the first place. More importantly is the fact that much youth crime does not have an economic motivation. Strain theory fails to explain violent crime? , the type of youth crime which causes most anxiety to the public. Differential association[edit? ] The theory of Differential association? also deals with young people in a group context, and looks at how peer pressure and the existence of gangs could lead them into crime. It suggests young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers, and learn criminal skills from them. The diminished influence of peers after men marry? has also been cited as a factor in desisting from offending. There is strong evidence that young people with criminal friends are more likely to commit crimes themselves . However it may be the case that offenders prefer to associate with one another, rather than delinquent peers causing someone to start offending. Furthermore there is the question of how the delinquent peer group became delinquent initially. Labeling[edit? ] Labeling theory? is a concept within Criminology that aims to explain deviant behavior from the social context rather than looking at the individual themselves. It is part of Interactionism criminology that states that once young people have been labeled as criminal they are more likely to offend. [7] The idea is that once labelled as deviant a young person may accept that role? , and be more likely to associate with others who have been similarly labelled. [7] Labelling theorists say that male children from poor families are more likely to be labelled deviant, and that this may partially explain why there are more working class? young male offenders. [9] Social control[edit? ] Social control theory? proposes that exploiting the process of socialization? and social learning builds self-control? and can reduce the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial. The four types of control can help prevent juvenile delinquency are: Direct: by which punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures. Internal: by which a youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or superego. Indirect: by identification with those who influence behavior, say because his or her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with whom he or she has close relationships. Control through needs satisfaction, i. e. if all an individuals needs are met, there is no point in criminal activity. Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disorders[edit? ] Juvenile delinquents are often diagnosed different disorders. Around six to sixteen percent of male teens and two to nine percent of female teens have a conduct disorder. These can vary from oppositional-defiant disorder, which is not necessarily aggressive, to antisocial personality disorder, often diagnosed among psychopaths. [24] A conduct disorder? can develop during childhood and then manifest itself during adolescence. [25] Juvenile delinquents who have recurring encounters with the criminal justice system, or in other words those who are life-course-persistent offenders, are sometimes diagnosed with conduct disorders? because they show a continuous disregard for their own and others safety and/or property. Once the juvenile continues to exhibit the same behavioral patterns and turns eighteen he is then at risk of being diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? and much more prone to become a serious criminal offender. [26] One of the main components used in diagnosing an adult with antisocial personality disorder consists of presenting documented history of conduct disorder before the age of 15. These two personality disorders are analogous in their erratic and aggressive behavior. This is why habitual juvenile offenders diagnosed with conduct disorder are likely to exhibit signs of antisocial personality disorder early in life and then as they mature. Some times these juveniles reach maturation and they develop into career criminals, or life-course-persistent offenders. Career criminals begin committing antisocial behavior before entering grade school and are versatile in that they engage in an array of destructive behaviors, offend at exceedingly high rates, and are less likely to quit committing crime as they age. [26] Quantitative research was completed on 9,945 juvenile male offenders between the ages of 10 and 18 in the 1970s. [where? ] The longitudinal birth cohort was used to examine a trend among a small percentage of career criminals who accounted for the largest percentage of crime activity. [27] The trend exhibited a new phenomenon amongst habitual offenders. The phenomenon indicated that only 6% of the youth qualified under their definition of a habitual offender (known today as life-course persistent offenders, or career criminals) and yet were responsible for 52% of the delinquency within the entire study. [27] The same 6% of chronic offenders accounted for 71% of the murders and 69% of the aggravated assaults. [27] This phenomenon was later researched among an adult population in 1977 and resulted in similar findings. S. A. Mednick did a birth cohort of 30,000 males and found that 1% of the males were responsible for more than half of the criminal activity. [28] The habitual crime behavior found amongst juveniles is similar to that of adults. As stated before most life-course persistent offenders begin exhibiting antisocial, violent, and/or delinquent behavior, prior to adolescence. Therefore, while there is a high rate of juvenile delinquency, it is the small percentage of life-course persistent, career criminals that are responsible for most of the violent crimes. Prevention[edit? ] Delinquency prevention is the broad term for all efforts aimed at preventing youth from becoming involved in criminal, or other antisocial, activity. Because the development of delinquency in youth is influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts need to be comprehensive in scope. Prevention services may include activities such as substance abuse education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering. Increasing availability and use of family planning? services, including education and contraceptives? helps to reduce unintended pregnancy? and unwanted births, which are risk factors for delinquency. It has been noted that often interventions may leave at-risk children worse off then if there had never been an intervention. [29] This is due primarily to the fact that placing large groups of at risk children together only propagates delinquent or violent behavior. Bad teens get together to talk about the bad things theyve done, and it is received by their peers in a positive reinforcing light, promoting the behavior among them. [29] As mentioned before, peer groups, particularly an association with antisocial peer groups, is one of the biggest predictors of delinquency, and of life-course-persistent delinquency. The most efficient interventions are those that not only separate at-risk teens from anti-social peers, and place them instead with pro-social ones, but also simultaneously improve their home environment by training parents with appropriate parenting styles,[29] parenting style being the other large predictor of juvenile delinquency. Critique of risk factor research[edit? ] Two UK academics, Stephen Case and Kevin Haines, among others, criticized risk factor research in their academic papers and a comprehensive polemic text,Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. The robustness and validity of much risk factor research is criticized for: Reductionism? e. g. over-simplfying complex experiences and circumstances by converting them to simple quantities, relying on a psychosocial focus whilst neglecting potential socio-structural and political influences; Determinism? e. g. characterising young people as passive victims of risk experiences with no ability to construct, negotiate or resist risk; Imputation? e. g. assuming that risk factors and definitions of offending are homogenous across countries and cultures, assuming that statistical correlations between risk factors and offending actually represent causal relationships, assuming that risk factors apply to individuals on the basis of aggregated data. Juvenile sex crimes[edit? ] The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with USA and do not represent a worldwide view? of the subject. Please improve this article? and discuss the issue on the talk page?. (July 2010) Juveniles? who commit sexual crimes refer to individuals adjudicated in a criminal court? for a sexual crime. [30] Sex crimes are defined as sexually abusive behavior committed by a person under the age of 18 that is perpetrated â€Å"against the victim’s will, without consent, and in an aggressive, exploitative, manipulative, or threatening manner†. [31] It is important to utilize appropriate terminology for juvenile sex offenders. Harsh and inappropriate expressions include terms such as â€Å"pedophile? , child molester? , predator? , perpetrator? , and mini-perp†[32] These terms have often been associated with this group, regardless of the youth’s age, diagnosis? , cognitive abilities? , or developmental stage?. [32] Using appropriate expressions can facilitate a more accurate depiction of juvenile sex offenders and may decrease the subsequent aversive psychological affects from using such labels. [32] In the Arab Gulf states? [sic], homosexual acts? are classified as an offense, and constitute one of the primary crimes for which juvenile males are charged. [33] Prevalence data[edit? ] Examining prevalence data and the characteristics of juvenile? sex offenders? is a fundamental component to obtain a precise understanding of this heterogeneous group. With mandatory reporting laws in place, it became a necessity for providers to report any incidents of disclosed sexual abuse. Longo and Prescott indicate that juveniles commit approximately 30-60% of all child sexual abuse. [32] The Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports indicate that in 2008 youth under the age of 18 accounted for 16. 7% of forcible rapes and 20. 61% of other sexual offenses. [34] Center for Sex Offender Management indicates that approximately one-fifth of all rapes? and one-half of all sexual child molestation can be accounted for by juveniles. [35] Official record data[edit? ] The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention indicates that 15% of juvenile arrests? occurred for rape in 2006, and 12% were clearance (resolved by an arrest). [36] The total number of juvenile arrests in 2006 for forcible rape was 3,610 with 2% being female and 36% being under the age of 15 years old. [36]This trend has declined throughout the years with forcible rape from 1997–2006 being ? 30% and from 2005-2006 being ? 10%. [36] The OJJDP reports that the juvenile arrest rate for forcible rape increased from the early 1980s through the 1990s and at that time it fell again. [36] All types of crime rates fell in the 1990s. [citation needed] The OJJDP also reported that the total number of juvenile arrests in 2006 for sex offenses (other than forcible rape) was 15,900 with 10% being female and 47% being under the age of 15. [36] There was again a decrease with the trend throughout the years with sex offenses from 1997–2006 being ? 16% and from 2005-2006 being ? 9%. [36] Males who commit sexual crimes[edit? ] Barbaree and Marshall indicate that juvenile males contribute to the majority of sex crimes, with 2–4% of adolescent males having reported committing sexually assaultive behavior, and 20% of all rapes and 30–50% of all child molestation? are perpetrated by adolescent males. [30] It is clear that males are over-represented in this population. This is consistent with Ryan and Lane’s research indicating that males account for 91-93% of the reported juvenile sex offenses. [31] Righthand and Welch reported that females account for an estimated 2–11% of incidents of sexual offending. [37] In addition, it reported by The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that in the juvenile arrests during 2006, African American male youth were disproportionately arrested (34%) for forcible rape. [36] See also[edit? ] ? Law portal? Young offender? Adolescence? Antisocial personality disorder? Deviance (sociology)? Juvenile delinquency in the United States? Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention? Person in need of supervision? Status offense? Teen courts? Victimology? Youth court? Anti-Social Behaviour Order? Conduct Disorder? Kazan phenomenon? References[edit? ] 6 Jump up^? Siegel, Larry J. ; Welsh, Brandon (2011). Juvenile Delinquency: The Core (4th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/cengage Learning. ISBN? 0534519326?. 7 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? f? g? h? Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence(8th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN? 9780073405483?. 8 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? Moffitt (2006). Life course persistent versus adolescent limited antisocial behavior. In Cicchetti, D. ; Cohen, D. Developmental Psychopathy (2nd ed. ). New York: Wiley. 9 Jump up^? Woolard; Scott (2009). The legal regulation of adolescence. In Lerner, R. ; Steinberg, L. Handbook of Adolescent psychology 2 (3rd ed. ). New York: Wiley. pp. 345–371. ISBN? 9780470149225?. 10 Jump up^? Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, 2000 11 Jump up^? Violence by Teenage Girls: Trends and Context? , Office of Justice Programs, U. S. Department of Justice 12 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Eadie, T. ; Morley, R. (2003). Crime, Justice and Punishment. In Baldock, J. ; et al. Social Policy (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN? 0199258945?. 13 Jump up^? Brown, S. (1998) Understanding Youth and Crime (Listening to youth? ), Buckingham: Open University Press. Page 109 14 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Walklate, S (2003). Understanding Criminology – Current Theoretical Debates, 2nd edition, Maidenhead: Open University Press. 15 Jump up^? Study Reveals Specific Gene in Adolescent Men with Delinquent Peers? Newswise, Retrieved on October 1, 2008. 16 Jump up^? Steffensmeier; Schawrtz; Zhong; Ackerman (2005). An assessment of recent trend in girls violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is gender gap closing? . Criminology 43 (2): 355–406. doi? :10. 1111/j. 0011-1348. 2005. 00011. x?. 17 Jump up^? Cauffman; et al. (2008). Bad boys or poor parents: Relations to female juvenile delinquency. Journal on Research on Adolescence 18 (4): 119–142. doi? :10. 1111/j. 1532-7795. 2008. 00577. x?. 18 Jump up^? Cauffman; Piquero; Kimonis; Steinberg; Chassin (2007). Legal, individual, and environmental predictors of court disposition in a sample of serious adolescent offenders. Law and Human Behavior 31 (6): 519–535. doi? :10. 1007/s10979-006-9076-2?. 19 Jump up^? Aaron, L. ; Dallaire, D. H. (2010). Parental Incarceration and Multiple Risk Experiences: Effect on Family Dynamics and Childrens Delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39 (12): 1471–1484. doi? :10. 1007/s10964-009-9458-0?. 20 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Farrington, D. P. (2002). Developmental criminology and risk-focused prevention.

Gay Genetics Essays

Gay Genetics Essays Gay Genetics Essay Gay Genetics Essay The topic of this paper is definitely a sensitive one. Whether the reason is religious, political, or personal, we all seem to have an opinion on homosexuality, but how many of us have actually taken the time to do our homework on this matter. Before we choose to support or oppose the growing LGBT movement shouldnt we arm ourselves with as much information as possible? Is homosexuality genetic, or does it start in the home? Although I did not find conclusive evidence to support genetics or nurture as the cause of homosexuality, I do feel there is enough logical theory to dismiss the Gay Gene as the cause of homosexual behavior. Research on this subject was hard to find, but I was able to gather some of the most popularly used material on homosexual genetics. I have analyzed all the information I have gather, looking at the material from all viewpoints available to me. I am confident that you will find my argument to be compelling, if nothing else. Homosexuality has been around for thousands of years, dating back to the ancient Egyptians. The debate on the subject has been going on for almost as long. Aristophanes, in his Symposium argues that sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids it. : You see, in his time homosexuality was common practice, with the focus being on sex. From this point of view it would be easy to make homosexuality a black and white, social issue. There was no title for homosexuals at the time and it stayed that way until about a hundred years ago. Giving homosexuality a title change the way we looked at it completely. Was it something someone could catch? Is it permanent or can it be cured? How do we stop our children from getting it? All of these questions created a wide spread panic and fear around homosexuality. Because of the negative thoughts and feeling surrounding homosexuality it was long abeled as a mental illness. In 1957, a woman named, Karen Hooker conducted a study to test the mental and developmental differences between heterosexual men and homosexual men. Hookers study consisted of two groups, one group for each sexual orientation. The men were match in age, Q, and education level. Each group was given three test; The Rorschach Test, The Thematic Apperception Test, and The Make-a-picture Story Test, or (MAPS) test. Hooker concluded little to no difference between the two groups of men. Hookers findings lead to The American Psychological Association removing homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders in 1973. Homosexuality no longer being view by the APA as a disorder caused people to pose the question, if its not a mental disorder than what is it? The studies that follow are incomplete, to say the least but they open the door for deep thought on the matter. One of these studies is, Bailey and Pillards 1991 Twin Study. The thought was that if homosexuality was inherited then more twin brothers would have the same sexual orientation than non-twin or non-biological brothers. In a way they were wright, with omosexual, as were 22% of fraternal twins, 11% of adoptive brothers, and 9. 2% of non-twin brothers. At first glance it seem as if Bailey and Pillard might have found a genetic link to homosexuality, but look deeper and you began to see that the facts actually point to nurture playing a big role in sexual orientation. If homosexuality is genetically caused than why are there more homosexual non- biological (adoptive) siblings than non-twin biological siblings in Bailey and Pillards study? Identical twins share the same genes and yet in nearly half of the identical twins studied one brother was homosexual and the other was not. With these facts in mind one could argue that the percentage of homosexual adopted siblings, raised in homosexual households (11%) being higher than the national LGBT population (1-10%) that this study is at least a strong implication of nurture being a factor in homosexuality. One of the most popular studies on the subject of homosexuality was conducted by Dr. Simon LeVay. Dr. LeVay studied the brains of cadavers hoping to find a noticeable difference between the brains of homosexual men and their heterosexual counterparts. LeVay found what he was looking for in the hypothalamus. He noticed hat the (INAH) of the hypothalamus was twice the size in the homosexual men than in the heterosexual men. He also found that the (INAH) of the heterosexual females he studied were also twice the size of the heterosexual males. Many have tried to use these findings as proof of homosexuality being genetically baste. So people go as far as calling Dr. LeVay the discoverer of the gay gene, even though he never found any genes linked to his findings. Due too numerous problems with the methods used in Dr. LeVays study it is hard to find his conclusion to be a cause for homosexuality. If the size of the (INAH) etermined sexual orientation then all the homosexual men would display larger (INAH) than their heterosexual counterparts, but this was not always the case. Dr. LeVay also did not have sexual back round on the presumably heterosexual men, nor the presumably heterosexual females. This means that for all Dr. LeVay knew some of his female subjects could have actually been homosexual, and the same go for the assumed heterosexual male subjects. If all that wasnt enough, all the presumably homosexual men died of AIDS, so it is hard to say if the difference between the sizes of the (INAH) was there from birth, or if it was caused by AIDS. There are less published studies on the organ of homosexuality than you would probably think. Due to lack of uniform definitions for behavior, identity, and desire of homosexuals it is difficult to make conclusions. With such groups as Baylor University, Max Planck Institute, Sanger Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, and others finding no conclusive cause for homosexuality it seem the answer might be harder to find than we thought. One thing we can do is take what we already know about genetics and apply it to homosexuality. Homosexuality is identified by the sexual actions someone carries out. If we are to believe there is a gay gene this would only why someone with this gene would choose to live a gay life style. One of the other major issues with the gay gene theory is how is this trait being passed on? Supporters of the gay gene theory claim that the gene is sex linked to the X- chromosome. If this was the case any man with this gene would be gay, and any homosexual females would have fathers who had this gene. The chances of enough gay men procreating with enough female gay gene carriers to produce the rising number of lesbians would qualify homosexuality as an epidemic. I do not think yself to be a geneticist, nor do I think that I am smarter than the many men and women who believe in the X linked gay gene but the evidence Just is not there. The Human Genome Project of 2003 successfully mapped 153 million base pairs for X- chromosomes with 1168 genes, and 50 million base pairs for Y-chromosomes with 251 genes. In all of their thirty years of research no gay gene was found. After looking over all the information I can only conclude that there is strong evidence against the existents of a gay gene. It seems that because of the publics unwillingness to upset the LGBT community studies are more focused on finding a enetic link to homosexuality than exploring alternative causes. It is safe to assume that homosexuality is not all choice, with young men like Jamey Rodemeyer of Buffalo N. Y. , deciding it would be better to die than live with the abuse that can come with being gay. It is all but impossible to see cases like Jameys and say that all homosexuals choose their orientation. Jamey is not the first or the only person who has been bullied or tormented for being a homosexual. If they could Just stop being gay why would they put up with being treated like minorities? The thing is they shouldnt have to. Being like everyone else or people understanding why you do what you do shouldnt be required for someone to be treated with respect and kindness. For the sake of homosexual tolerance, and for those in the LGBT community who wish to know more about their sexual orientation, I do think it would be wise to fully explore cause of homosexuality outside of genetics. We should be asking if its not genetic and its not all choice than what is it? Whether or not there is ever conclusive proof a cause of homosexuality we must decide to be above politics and choose to care for those that we might not understand.