Wednesday, May 27, 2020
Validation of Bioanalytical Methods - 550 Words
Validation of Bioanalytical Methods (Essay Sample) Content: Validation of Bioanalytical Methods: A Review Name: Date: Course: Lecturer: University: Introduction Reliability of data generated by bioanalytical methods is paramount. This explains the emphasis put by Karnes, Shiu and Shas in the practice of validating the various bioanalytical methods used in drug discovery and development (1). This papers seeks to review Karnes et al.’s article while critically comparing and contrasting it to other recent publications on the same among which include the specifications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on the validation of bioanalytical methods. Intrinsic value, limitation and validity and uniqueness The topic of the article appropriately addresses the content of their paper. The topic is able to give the reader a clear idea of what to expect from the paper and indeed this is what the paper presents. The article is a review paper in which various techniques employed in the validation of bioanalytical m ethods are critically analyzed. However, the authors argue that the intrinsic value of a technique plays a central role in the process of reviewing standardization techniques, particularly in relation to specificity/selectivity (1). Selectivity revolves around the ability of a method to respond to several chemical entities whether distinguished or not. Specific involves response for just a single analyte. On the other hand, the idea of limitation and validity plays a key role in the process of reviewing the various models employed in analytical calibration curves. The uniqueness of most bioanalytical methods sometimes calls for specific validation criteria (2). However it is evident in Karnes et al.’s review that the literature that had been published by then was not comprehensive enough for purposes of sufficiently developing quality control procedures for use in biopharmaceutical analysis related to drug studies (1). Minimum standards for bioanalytical methods and limitati ons in determining the effectiveness of a method Although the article seeks to review the various validation techniques, the authors are quick to note that there were limitations in terms of determining the effectiveness of a given method to address the needs of a particular validation project. This is partly caused by the dynamic nature of pharmaceutical science where rules and applications change rapidly. Tiwari and Tiwari add that most bioanalytical methods and techniques are at the cutting edge of technology and hence there is an increasing need for effective validation since (3). Additionally, it is rather difficult to set minimum standards for the various bioanalytical techniques as this would encourage interested parties to only apply the minimum (1, 4, and 3). In as much as there are validation techniques, bioanalytical methods ought to satisfy certain minimum specifications during development (1, 3, and 4). Tiwari and Tiwari also support the idea of minimum standards for development of bioanalytical methods and validation by noting its importance in market approval of bioanalytical methods. Selectivity/ specificity Karnes et al.’s article has since 1991 been an important basis for review of validation techniques for bioanalytical methods (3, 4). The article indicates that the concept of selectivity/specificity is very crucial given that only a few techniques have the ability to respond to only one analyte. Karnes et al. adds that interferences are more problematic especially in cases when handling biopharmaceutical analysis (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration points out that there should be evidence showing that the analyte quantified is indeed what was intended (5). Peters and Maurer and Tiwari and Tiwari add that selectivity accounts for the potential presence of metabolites, making the technique very useful for bioanalytical method validation (4, 5). Calibration model Karnes et al. offer a very detailed review of the minimum expe ctations of the calibration model. They give sufficient specifications on what bioanalytical methods should be able to address (1). However, the concept of linearity comes up and is a critical consideration for the validation process (3). Linearity encompasses assessing the capacity of a technique to give test results that relate directly with concentration of the sample’s analyte. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration supports Karnes et al.’s specifications on the validation of calibration model (5). Peters and Maurer gives details on the analysis of spiked calibration samples and how the resulting responses can be analyzed further graphically, using mathematical models or including statistical analysis of the response functions. Calibration models’ choice affects the reliability of quantification (4). Other validation aspects In addition to selectivity and calibration model, all the other publications cited above review stability, reproducibility, accuracy, precision, recovery, bias and ruggedness just like Karnes et al.’s article yet it was published nearly 20 years before (2), (3), (5) and (4). Recovery revolves around an analyte’s detector response while in precision, interest is focused on the closeness of individual measures. According to the various authors, accuracy aims at measuring the closeness of mean test results as produced by a method to the actual value while in reproducibility, assessment of replicate measu...
Saturday, May 16, 2020
WSU Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA
Washington State University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 77%. Located in Pullman, Washington, the university offers over 200 areas of study, with 96 majors for undergraduates. Academics at WSU are supported by a 15-to-1 student / faculty ratio, and nearly 80 percent of classes have fewer than 50 students. The university has extensive study abroad offerings through more than 560 programs in 48 countries. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, WSU earned a chapter of the prestigious ​Phi Beta Kappa honor society. WSU also offers 12 undergraduate and nine graduate degree programs online. In athletics, the Washington State University Cougars compete in the Division I Pacific 12 Conference. The university fields six mens and nine womens intercollegiate sports, and WSU has one of the largest athletic centers in the country. Considering applying to Washington State University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Washington State University had an acceptance rate of 77%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 77 students were admitted, making WSUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 22,773 Percent Admitted 77% Percent Admitted Who Applied (Yield) 29% SAT Scores and Requirements WSU requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 85% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 510 610 Math 510 600 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of WSUs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to WSU scored between 510 and 610, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 610. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 510 and 600, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 600. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1210 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at WSU. Requirements WSU does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Washington State University participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Washington State University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 26% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 19 25 Math 18 26 Composite 20 26 This admissions data tells us that most of WSUs admitted students fall within the top 49% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to WSU received a composite ACT score between 20 and 26, while 25% scored above 26 and 25% scored below 20. Requirements Washington State University does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, WSU superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of WSUs incoming freshmen class was 3.39, and over 60% of the class had an average GPA of 3.25 or above. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Washington State University have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Washington State University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Washington State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Washington State University, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Admissions decisions place most weight to GPA, grade trends, and rigor of high school coursework, followed by SAT/ACT scores. Applicants who rank in the top 10% of their high school class and those with an average unweighted GPA of 3.5 or above on a 4.0 scale can be admitted to WSU under the Assured Admission program. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. As you can see, the majority of admitted students had a GPA of 3.0 or higher, an SAT score (ERWM) above 950, and an ACT composite score of 18 or higher. Slightly higher grades and test scores increase your chances of being accepted measurably. If You Like Washington State University, You May Also Like These Schools University of OregonBoise State UniversityUniversity of WashingtonArizona State UniversityStanford UniversitySan Jose State University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Washington State University Undergraduate Admissions Office.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Solar Energy Paper The Sun - 987 Words
Solar Energy Paper Every single person who lives on Earth has once seen that big ball of fire in the sky we call the sun. However, what does this bright light do other than blind our eyes and make us wear sunglasses? The sun is a large star that is located in the center of our solar system that is responsible for many things such as Earth’s gravity, temperature, and climate. This celestial star also provides a bright, shining light throughout the entire solar system we use to see, even at night when the moon reflects the light from the sun off of its surface. The sun is able to produce such as vast amount of luminous energy because of its extreme temperatures. Near the center of the sun the temperatures can reach as high as 15 million degrees Celsius while the sun’s surface still reaches a staggering temperature of 5600 degrees Celsius. (Sharp) Now obviously the Earth is not this hot because of how far the distance is between our planet and the sun, but it can still get extremely hot during the summer months. This just shows how powerful the sun is and how much it controls in our solar system. Even though the sun can get really annoying with its heatwaves and sun burns, we really do not appreciate how much that flaming ball does for the Earth we live on. For example, without the sun’s heat it provides, every body of water above ground and below would be completely frozen. Everything living on Earth from the small bacteria that inhabit mold to the animals that thrive in theShow MoreRelatedAutomatic Solar Tracker Using Microcontroller Essay1613 Words  | 7 PagesAUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER USING MICROCONTROLLER Anil Mor B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering IIT Roorkee-247667 anil.iitr12@gmail.com Ashok Kumar Meena B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering IIT Roorkee-247667 ashok.3.oct@gmail.com Abstractâ€â€In today’s fast growing world with lots of technological developments we are suffering from many problems among which energy crisis is the most significant one. With the limited amount of conventional sources of energy like coal,Read MoreDesign Fabrication Of Helical Coiled Solar1006 Words  | 5 PagesAbstract - This paper is concerned with Design Fabrication of Helical Coiled Solar Water Heater with auto tracking device under the local climatic condition. 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Writes the importance of solar energy in our daily lives. c. Appreciate of the importance of the sun. II. SUBJECT MATTER â€Å"Solar Energy†References Science and Health V by Jessie Villegas pp.256-257 Activity Workbook in Elementary Science page 48 Materials Power point,Chart, Puzzle, Pictures, Solar Calculator Science Processes Observing, Identifying, InferringRead MoreImportance Of Solar Power1438 Words  | 6 PagesSolar Power This paper is going to be based on why should we use solar energy, how does it work, what are the advantages of solar power, and why should we apply solar power in the Dominican Republic. Did you know that the heat of the sun is about equivalent to burning a billion trillion tons of coal an hour? Even though only a small fraction of that heat ever reaches the earth is still more than enough to power up our whole planet. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Division 8 Of The ITAA 1997 Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Division 8 Of The ITAA 1997. Answer: In conformity with the Division 8 of the ITAA 1997 a guiding principles has been laid down that has associations with deductions of outlay and losses (Coleman, Sadik, 2013). The division is helpful in assisting the difference between the normal deductions with reference to discussion that is made in Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The division further lay down the guidance with reference to the specific deductions that is made under Section 8-5 of the ITAA 1997 and a claim can be bought forward that deductions associated to the loss or outlay that has occurred concerning the; Generating any form of assessable income Outlay or expenses having associations with the business operations of the taxpayers To claim a particular type of deductions produced from the taxable income a taxpayer is offered with the opportunity of claiming such outlay with regard to Section 8-5 of the ITAA 1997 (Grange et al., 2014). From the current matter of Ram it has been found that the he had incurred expenses in the form of tax agent fees and solicitor fees that possess the feature of allowable deductions. In conformity with the Section 25-5 of the ITAA 1997 cost incurred at the time of management of tax affairs will be accounted as the deductions that are allowable. Hence, a taxpayer while filing for the tax return can bring forward the claim of gaining assessable deductions relating to the cost that has occurred at the time of accounting and fees from the tax agent (James, 2015). It is observed from the situation of Ram that he has incurred an expense on the solicitor fees for bringing forward the opposition against the assessment. With reference to the evidence that has been laid down under Para 11 of the Taxation Ruling 2011/5 a person can object on the cause of not being satisfied with the assessment of tax stated in Section 175A (1) of the ITAA 1936. As laid down under the Interpretive Decision 2002/814, it states the issues that is connected with the subject of allowable deductions for the expenses that originates from the disagreement of the legal oraccounting fees associated with tax authorities (Jover, 2014). With reference to the current case study of Ram, he can claim the permissible deductions of legal expense on solicitor fees andaccounting fees in respect to Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. In conformity with Section 955-1 of the ITAA 1997 the definition of the term resident has been defined that explains a person to be regarded as inhabitant of Australia for the purpose of taxation (Kenny, 2013). In agreement with the Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997 the description of resident and the primary test involved in ascertaining the residency of the individual has been defined. Para 32 of the Taxation Ruling 98/17 defines that a individual will be regarded as the habitant of Australia which is in agreement with the Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997. In order to ascertain the residential status of the individual, a residency test is performed with reference to Section 6-1 of the ITAA 1997. The test is stated below; Residential status with respect to the ordinary concept Domicile Test 183 days test; and Superannuation test In the present context Tina is considered to be an overseas student that has come to Brisbane for the educational purpose and will be treated as the inhabitant of Australia with respect to the ordinary concept (Krever, 2013). An individual or a person is not regarded as the inhabitant of Australia with respect to the ordinary concept then the statutory test is applied in knowing the occupancy status. Therefore, on satisfying the conditions of the primary test an individual shall be considered as the occupant of Australia. As defined under the Domicile Act 1982 an individual having a permanent place of abode in Australia will be treated as the Australia resident for the purpose of tax (Morgan et al., 2013). Apart from this, the rule of 183 days test, defines that a person shall be treated as the Australian resident if the person has been present in Australia either on regular basis or in breaks. The superannuation test is simultaneously put into effect in order to know that an individual is an employee of the government of Australia working in an international; project. The law furthermore provides that an individual taxpayer would be treated as the inhabitant of Australia if an individual is enrolled in Australia university for educational course having a duration of no less than six months (Sadiq et al., 2014). As evident from the existing scenario of Tina, it is observed that she enrolled arrived in Brisbane for educational purpose with her period of stay was for more than 183 days. It can be concluded that Tina will be treated as the resident of Australia under section 995-1 of the ITAA 1997. Any individual being an occupant of Australia shall be taken into the considerations for the purpose of taxation in agreement with the Section 4-15 of the ITAA 1997 (Milton et al., 2013). From the given section there has been evidence that for an individual assessable income is derived by deducting the expenses that has been incurred and are allowed in the form of permissible deductions from the assessable income. From the given circumstances it is observed that assessable income has been defined under the section 6-5 of the ITAA as the ordinary income. As defined under section 6-10 of the ITAA 1997 incomes that does not falls under the theory of the ordinary concept are then regarded as the statutory income. It can be determined that Jimmy in the current situation has produced income from his employment from the restaurant and will be accounted as the ordinary income (Woellner, 2013). Therefore, it can be ascertained that such income produced by Jimmy will be liable for tax in confo rmity with the Section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. It is also found that tips has been received by Jimmy that is given to him by customers visiting the restaurant and it is taken into the account as incentive because it has direct relation with the employment income. This will be considered in the assessable income for assessment purpose. In addition to this, Jimmy additionally received a gift of $250 is treated as the income that will be considered for assessment and will be included in his tax return (Woellner et al., 2014). It is must be understood that there certain income which is obligatory for the taxpayer to include in the assessable income since they form the part of the exempted income and are not included in the taxable income of the taxpayer under Section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997. For an individual taxpayer gift are not included in the taxable income but however receiving such kind of gift as the part of the business activity or it is derived from the revenue producing activity then will be included in the taxable income. In addition to this, gifts that are given by parents are not included in the taxable income in view of the fact that they are not connected with the income producing activity (Pinto, 2011). In conformity with the Taxation ruling TR 97/17 food and drink that is provided to the employee from the employer is treated as the meal entertainment will be included in the fringe benefit tax. From the above stated discussion it can be defined that the benefit that is offered to Jimmy from his company is accounted as the fringe benefit. The employer will also be entitled to bring forward the claim of the permissible deductions for the expenditure that is incurred by the workers. It is noteworthy to denote that the Jimmy produced taxable income from his employment and the benefit provided for food and meal will be included in the fringe benefit provided to him under employment from his employment. It can be concluded that the fringe benefit of the dinner provide to him be included in the taxable income. Below stated is the computation of the taxable income. An individual taxpayer in accordance with the Taxation Ruling of the TR 93/30 can bring forward the claim of the allowable deductions arising out of the home office spending. The ruling specifically lay down the following principles; When the portion of the home taken by the individual into the considerations relating to the personal educational purpose On circumstances when the portion of the home is understood as the place of business Any occurrence of deductions arising out repairs can be claimable under section 20-10 As it is understood from the Taxation Ruling of the TR 93/30 expenditure that is associated with the taxpayer home are in conformity with the above defined ruling will be accounted as the domestic or private character and will not be eligible as deductions at the time of computing the taxable income. Nonetheless, there is some kind of exceptions to such kind of rule where a fraction of the home that is put into the use for the purpose of the producing income and having the aspects of the business (Braithwaite, 2017). Considering such circumstances the occurrence of outlay of using home as office and incurring expenditure on rent, interest and repairs will be considered partially for deductions. In context of the above stated discussion the viewpoint has been supported in the Swinford v FC of T (1984) given that the part of house possessing the aspects of business character will be considered for acceptable deductions (Miller Oats, 2016). With reference to the above defined scenario, an argument can be put forward by stating that the spending can be allowed as permissible deductions relating to the expenditure that is occurred from the home office purpose. References Braithwaite, V. (Ed.). (2017).Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Coleman, C., Sadiq, K.Principles of taxation law 2013. Grange, J., Jover-Ledesma, G., Maydew, G.2014 principles of business taxation. James, M.Taxation of small businesses 2014/15. Jover-Ledesma, G. (2014).Principles of business taxation 2015. [Place of publication not identified]: Cch Incorporated. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Pinto, D. (2011). State taxes. InAustralian Taxation Law(pp. 1763-1762). CCH Australia Limited. Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W., Ting, A.Principles of taxation law 2014. The taxpayers' guide 2013 2014. (2013). Milton, Qld. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D.Australian taxation law 2014.
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